The Industrial Revolution is considered to be one of the most transformative socio-economic shifts in modern history. This is because it set in motion the transition from labor-intensive work to more mechanized production methods that boosted production efficiency. The term was first coined by historian Arnold Toynbee in his attempt to describe Britain’s unprecedented leap in economic progress from 1760 to 1840.
Where Did the Industrial Revolution Begin?
Britain is hailed as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. The revolution started in the nation in the 1700s largely due to a mélange of unique factors that converged to spark the process. At the time, many of the major economies were grappling with their own problems which hindered their progress. India, for example, was still struggling to overcome subjugation by the East India Company. During this time, its general population was unable to partake in activities outside what the invaders allowed. The nation was, for example, largely confined to producing raw materials for British companies. The situation stifled innovation in the country for many years.
Other major nations such as China were also busy fighting off western invaders when the Industrial Revolution was taking place in Britain. Ultimately, internal strife coupled with disruptive external forces hampered advancements in innovation and production in a lot of countries during this period.
Which Internal Factors Contributed to Britain Leading the Industrial Revolution?
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Sign up to our Free Weekly NewsletterHistorians have identified numerous factors that contributed to the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. One of those factors is the increase in food production. The discovery of crop rotation by Charles Townshend and other related agrarian inventions such as the invention of the seed drill by Jethro Tull are said to have catalyzed the Industrial Revolution. This is because they contributed to a rise in food production that eventually led to a larger population. The larger population in turn created a ready market for a lot of British goods and services. The situation resulted in some traders amassing extraordinary capital, enough to enable them to commission the building of machines designed to improve production efficiency.
Coal is also believed to have played an important role in the rise of the Industrial Revolution. This is because it was used to fuel the steam engines that ran factory machinery, trains, and ships. Unlike the coal present in other European nations, coal in Britain was close to the surface, hence easier to extract and use in the factories.
Historians also point to Britain’s political stability as a critical factor. Because Britain was at the time of the Industrial Revolution a global trading empire that controlled many colonies, it had an abundance of resources from the colonized regions. The raw materials from those regions enabled it to kickstart and sustain the revolution.
How Were Social Structures and Living Conditions Improved?
The Industrial Revolution reshaped the social structures and living conditions in Britain, Europe, and North America by creating more employment opportunities for the general populace, for instance. Factory wages were also higher when compared to what individual farmers were making before the transformation. This was due to the higher production efficiency and a ready market in both the local and international markets.
Another phenomenon that arose from the Industrial Revolution is rural-to-urban migration. The trend came about as a result of people moving to urban areas in search of employment. However, living conditions also differed greatly from the grand residences of the wealthy to the squalid abodes of the working class. Thus, the Industrial Revolution created a clear distinction between the elite, middle, and working classes.
What Were Some of the Biggest Problems During the Industrial Revolution?
The rapid urbanization brought on by the Industrial Revolution caused villages and towns to swell. As a result, some of the urban centers became cities. Unfortunately, some of the centers also became slums. Living conditions in the slums eventually triggered public debate about health due to the unsanitary living conditions that led to the fast spreading of diseases in those areas.
The sharp increase in the number of factories also led to an increase in urban pollution. This is because some factories dumped waste into rivers as water supplies were rarely protected. The situation led to public outcry prompting strict regulations to be enacted.
Due to the relentless pursuit for high margins, working conditions in factories deteriorated further during the Industrial Revolution. Factory workers were subjected to long hours and inadequate remuneration, and child labor became a prevalent issue. These problems led to the rise of the labor movement in Britain and the United States.
