Japan’s history spans millennia, with its early unification in the Yamato period shaping the foundation of its culture, politics, and influence in East Asia. Tokyo, once Edo, became the heart of political power during the Edo period (1603–1868) and transformed into the modern capital. Kyoto, the imperial capital for over 1,000 years, remains the cultural and spiritual epicenter, home to historic temples and traditions. While these cities reflect Japan’s evolution, its historic towns reveal the daily lives and architectural ingenuity of the past. For those seeking to connect with Japan’s heritage, consider visiting these ten iconic historic towns in the Land of the Rising Sun.
1. Narai-juku (Nagano Prefecture)
Narai-juku, nestled in Nagano Prefecture’s Kiso Valley, was the 34th of 69 post towns on the Nakasendo route during Japan’s Edo period (1603–1868). Known as “Narai of a Thousand Houses,” it flourished as a key rest stop for travelers between Kyoto and Edo (now Tokyo).
Narai-juku provides you with an authentic glimpse into Edo-period life. Strolling along its kilometer-long main street, you’ll encounter traditional wooden machiya houses, many now operating as museums, shops, and eateries.
Notable sites include the Nakamura Residence, an early 19th-century merchant’s home showcasing period architecture and artifacts. Nearby, the vermillion Shizume Shrine at the town’s southern end provides a serene retreat.
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For a deeper historical experience, consider hiking the Nakasendo Trail over the Torii-toge Pass to the neighboring post town of Yabuhara. This is the same path once tread by feudal lords and samurai.
2. Magome (Gifu Prefecture)
Situated in Gifu Prefecture’s Kiso Valley, Magome-juku was the 43rd of 69 post towns along the Nakasendo during Japan’s Edo period (1603–1868). This historic town served as a vital rest stop for travelers journeying between Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and Kyoto.
The town’s main street, characterized by a gently sloping cobblestone path, is lined with traditional wooden buildings that now house souvenir shops, eateries, and museums.
A notable attraction is the Tōson Memorial Museum, dedicated to the life and works of renowned author Shimazaki Tōson, who was born in Magome in 1872. The museum offers insights into his literary contributions and the region’s cultural heritage.
You can also enjoy panoramic views of Mount Ena, standing at 2,190 meters, from various vantage points in the town. For those interested in historical journeys, the well-preserved Nakasendo Trail between Magome and the neighboring post town of Tsumago offers an 8-kilometer scenic hike through forests and past waterfalls.
3. Tsumago (Nagano Prefecture)
As the 42nd post town on the Nakasendō, a vital route connecting Edo (now Tokyo) and Kyoto during the Edo period (1603–1868), Tsumago flourished as a haven for weary travelers. This is actually one of the most interesting historic sites in Japan.
By the mid-20th century, modernization had led to the town’s decline. However, in the 1960s, residents initiated a pioneering preservation movement, meticulously restoring Tsumago to its former Edo-period splendor. This endeavor set a national precedent for historical preservation.
Tsumago’s streets, free from modern intrusions like overhead cables and daytime vehicular traffic, offer an immersive journey into the past. You can explore the Honjin and Wakihonjin, traditional inns that once accommodated feudal lords and their retinues. The Nagiso Town Museum provides deeper insights into the region’s rich history.
A highlight for many is the scenic hike between Tsumago and Magome, another preserved post town. This well-maintained trail meanders through serene forests and past cascading waterfalls and allows you to see the best of the historic Nakasendō route.
In the secluded mountains of Fukushima Prefecture lies Ōuchi-juku, a village that seems to have paused time. Established in the 17th century as a post town on the Aizu Nishi Kaidō trade route, it provided refuge for travelers journeying between Aizu and Nikko.
4. Ouchi-juku (Fukushima Prefecture)
In the secluded mountains of Fukushima Prefecture lies Ōuchi-juku, a village that seems to have paused time. Established in the 17th century as a post town on the Aizu Nishi Kaidō trade route, it provided refuge for travelers journeying between Aizu and Nikko.
Ōuchi-juku will captivate you with its meticulously preserved thatched-roof houses that evoke the ambiance of Japan’s Edo period. Strolling along its main street, you can admire the traditional architecture, free from modern intrusions like overhead power lines.
A culinary adventure awaits with the local specialty, “negi soba,” buckwheat noodles uniquely eaten using a long green onion in place of chopsticks, a practice that harks back to regional customs.
For panoramic views of the village and its surrounding natural beauty, a short climb to the local shrine offers a vantage point that showcases the harmonious blend of human habitation and nature.
Each February, the Ōuchi-juku Snow Festival transforms the village into a winter wonderland, with illuminated snow sculptures and traditional performances that offer a magical experience that draws visitors from near and far.
5. Hida-Furukawa (Gifu Prefecture)
Hida-Furukawa is a serene town that is located in the heart of Gifu Prefecture. Just a 15-minute train ride from Takayama, this charming locale is renowned for its beautifully preserved old town, exceptional timber craftsmanship, traditional sake breweries, and lively festivals.
As you wander through the historic streets, you’ll encounter the picturesque Seto Canal, lined with white-walled storehouses and traditional wooden houses. The sight of vibrant koi swimming gracefully in the clear waters adds to the town’s tranquil ambiance.
A visit to the Hida Furukawa Festival Exhibition Hall is a must. Here, you can immerse yourself in the town’s vibrant festival culture, marvel at the intricately crafted floats, and even experience a 4K video presentation that brings the festivities to life.
For those interested in traditional crafts, the Hida Craft Museum offers insights into the region’s rich artisan heritage, showcasing tools and techniques passed down through generations.
Don’t miss the opportunity to sample local sake at the Watanabe Sake Brewery, a family-owned establishment dating back to 1870. Here, you can learn about the meticulous brewing process and taste some of the finest sake the region has to offer.
6. Ine (Kyoto Prefecture)
The fishing village of Ine offers a tranquil retreat from urban life. Renowned for its unique funaya, traditional wooden boathouses, this picturesque town is nestled along the serene Ine Bay in northern Kyoto Prefecture. In ancient times, it was situated along trade routes from mainland China to Kyoto, which fostered its development as a fishing-centric community. The funaya, with their distinctive architecture featuring boat storage on the ground floor and living quarters above, exemplify the residents’ close relationship to the maritime environment.
Ine’s 230 funaya, lining the bay’s edge, create a scenic vista that has earned Ine recognition as one of Japan’s most beautiful villages. Visitors often take to the bay by sightseeing boat to fully appreciate the picturesque charm of the village. Freshly caught seafood is a highlight of any trip, served at cozy waterfront restaurants. Staying in a converted funaya offers a rare chance to experience Ine’s tranquil lifestyle firsthand.
7. Ainokura (Toyama Prefecture)
Nestled deep within Toyama Prefecture’s Gokayama region, Ainokura is famous for its 20 gassho-zukuri farmhouses. The term “gassho-zukuri” translates to “constructed like hands in prayer,” reflecting the steep thatched roofs designed to resemble hands pressed together. This architectural style developed over generations to withstand heavy snowfall in the region. These have also earned the town UNESCO World Heritage status.
Many of these centuries-old farmhouses remain private residences, while others have been transformed into museums, eateries, and minshuku, offering an authentic overnight experience.
The village’s seclusion has preserved its traditional way of life, evident in local crafts like washi paper making and unique musical instruments such as the sasara, a wooden clapper used in regional folk songs.
Exploring Ainokura’s narrow pathways, surrounded by lush mountains and terraced fields, provides a serene escape from modernity.
8. Shirakawa-go (Gifu Prefecture)
Shirakawa-go, located in Gifu Prefecture, is also renowned for its traditional gassho-zukuri farmhouses, some over 250 years old.
In 1995, Shirakawa-go, along with the neighboring Gokayama region, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its unique cultural significance and well-preserved historical landscape.
The village of Ogimachi serves as the main attraction in Shirakawa-go, featuring over 100 gassho-zukuri houses. Visitors can explore several of these structures, such as the Wada House, which is open to the public and offers insights into traditional Japanese rural life.
A popular spot for panoramic views of the village is the Shiroyama Viewpoint, accessible via a short hike or shuttle bus. This vantage point provides an excellent perspective of the clustered farmhouses set against the mountainous backdrop.
For those interested in staying overnight, some gassho-zukuri houses operate as minshuku (family-run guesthouses).
9. Yunotsu (Shimane Prefecture)
Yunotsu, a coastal town in Shimane Prefecture, is renowned for its historic hot springs and rich cultural heritage. Dating back over 1,300 years, Yunotsu Onsen is one of the oldest hot spring resorts in the region. It offers visitors a traditional bathing experience in a serene setting.
The town’s significance is further highlighted by its connection to the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In ancient times, Yunotsu thrived as a shipping port, facilitating the transport of silver and other goods. Today, it stands as the only hot spring district in Japan designated as a Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings.
When visiting, make sure to enjoy the town’s two main public bathhouses: Yakushiyu and Motoyu. These facilities offer authentic hot spring experiences, with waters believed to have healing properties.
The town’s narrow streets are lined with traditional ryokan inns, cafes, and shops, providing a glimpse into Japan’s past. Additionally, Yunotsu is known for its cultural events, including performances of Iwami Kagura, an ancient Shinto dance ritual held at local shrines.
10. Kiso-Fukushima (Nagano Prefecture)
Kiso-Fukushima, situated in Nagano Prefecture’s Kiso Valley, was historically the 37th post town along the Nakasendō, a key route connecting Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto during Japan’s Edo period (1603–1868). It was the largest and most significant post town in the Kiso Valley, serving as a bustling center of commerce and governance.
A notable historical site in Kiso-Fukushima is the Fukushima Sekisho, one of the most important checkpoints on the Nakasendō. Established approximately 270 years ago, it was instrumental in monitoring and controlling the movement of people and goods during the Edo period. Today, the restored checkpoint functions as a museum, offering visitors insights into the region’s history through a collection of Edo-period artifacts.
The town is also home to the Yamamura Residence, the former mansion of the Yamamura family, who governed the Kiso Valley. The residence has been restored and houses a collection of Edo-period documents, ceramics, weapons, and clothing.
For those seeking relaxation, Kiso-Fukushima offers natural hot springs. A public foot bath, located on the banks of the Kiso River, provides a free and convenient way to soothe tired legs after exploring the town or hiking in the surrounding mountains.
Culinary enthusiasts can enjoy local specialties such as soba noodles and sake. The town’s cool, high-altitude climate and fresh mountain water contribute to the production of some of Nagano’s most delicious soba and sake. Notably, Kurumaya Honten, a restaurant operating in Kiso-Fukushima for hundreds of years, is renowned for its zaru-soba.
Kiso-Fukushima serves as a gateway for pilgrims climbing the sacred Mount Ontake, Japan’s second-highest volcano and a significant site for mountain worship.
