10 Small but Historic Countries You Didn’t Know About

You’ve likely heard the phrase, “Big is beautiful,” but there’s something undeniably special about small countries that hold rich histories and vibrant cultures. These miniature nations are packed with fascinating landmarks, unique traditions, and stunning landscapes that make them unforgettable destinations. Travelers often overlook these places, yet their size doesn’t diminish their charm but enhances it. Whether it’s medieval castles, pristine beaches, or well-preserved heritage, each of these countries offers an experience that is both intimate and extraordinary. Let’s explore some of the smallest and most historic countries you probably didn’t know about.

San Marino, the world’s oldest republic, was founded in 301 AD and is entirely surrounded by Italy. Covering just 61 square kilometers, it is one of the smallest countries in the world. Despite its size, it has a rich history and a well-preserved medieval heritage.

Perched atop Mount Titano, its historic center and the mountain itself are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. When you’re there, you’ll have the chance to explore the Guaita, Cesta, and Montale towers, which once served as part of its defensive system. The Basilica di San Marino, dedicated to Saint Marinus, holds his relics and is a focal point of the republic’s religious life.

As for the Gothic-style Palazzo Pubblico, San Marino’s town hall, it remains the center of its government and a symbol of its independence.

2. Bhutan

Bhutan, nestled in the Himalayas between India and China, is a small yet extraordinary kingdom known for its unique approach to development and deeply rooted traditions. Covering 38,394 square kilometers, it is home to breathtaking landscapes, from snow-capped mountains to lush valleys.

Unlike most nations, Bhutan measures success through Gross National Happiness, a philosophy that prioritizes the well-being of its people over economic growth. The country has never been colonized, allowing it to preserve its rich Buddhist heritage and vibrant cultural practices.

You’ll be drawn to iconic sites like the Tiger’s Nest Monastery, precariously perched on a cliffside, and the ancient Punakha Dzong, a masterpiece of Bhutanese architecture. Festivals such as the colorful Paro Tsechu showcase traditional dance and music, where they offer a glimpse into its spiritual life.

Bhutan’s strict tourism policy ensures sustainable travel, making it one of the world’s most exclusive destinations.

This is a tiny landlocked principality in the Pyrenees between Spain and France and is one of Europe’s hidden gems. Spanning just 468 square kilometers, it was established in 1278. Andorra operates as a co-principality, with its heads of state being the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell in Spain, a system that has endured for centuries.

Famed for its stunning alpine landscapes, Andorra is a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts. Its ski resorts, such as Grandvalira, attract visitors in winter, while hiking trails reveal breathtaking views during summer. The Romanesque architecture of its many churches, like Sant Joan de Caselles, will provide you with the information you need about its artistic and spiritual past.

Andorra’s capital, Andorra la Vella, combines modernity with tradition, offering tax-free shopping alongside cobblestone streets and historic buildings.

4. Monaco

Monaco, the second smallest country in the world at just 2.1 square kilometers, is a glittering enclave on the French Riviera. Famous for its luxury and glamour, it is a playground for the wealthy, but beneath its opulent façade lies a fascinating history of resilience and strategy.

Ruled by the Grimaldi family since 1297, Monaco has maintained its sovereignty through careful diplomacy and its status as a tax haven. Despite its size, it is a global hub for culture and sports, hosting prestigious events like the Monaco Grand Prix and the Monte Carlo Rally.

Beyond the yachts and casinos, Monaco offers a quieter side. The Rock of Monaco, home to the old town, features narrow streets, the Prince’s Palace, and the centuries-old Saint Nicholas Cathedral. The Oceanographic Museum, once directed by Jacques Cousteau, highlights Monaco’s deep connection to marine science.

Liechtenstein, a picturesque microstate nestled between Switzerland and Austria, spans just 160 square kilometers but is packed with history and charm. Established as a principality in 1719, it remains one of the few countries in the world ruled by a monarchy, with the Prince of Liechtenstein residing in the striking Vaduz Castle perched above the capital.

Liechtenstein is a hub of culture and innovation. Its alpine landscapes are perfect for skiing, hiking, and cycling, while its compact towns host world-class museums like the Liechtenstein National Museum and the Kunstmuseum, which features an impressive collection of modern and contemporary art.

Liechtenstein’s economy thrives on its banking and manufacturing industries, which makes it one of the wealthiest nations per capita. Visitors often marvel at the blend of old-world traditions and modern prosperity.

6. Malta

This sun-soaked archipelago in the Mediterranean may be small, just 316 square kilometers, but its history stretches back thousands of years, making it a crossroads of civilizations. Its strategic location has drawn the attention of empires, from the Phoenicians and Romans to the Knights of St. John, whose legacy is most vividly seen in the fortified city of Valletta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

What sets Malta apart is its ancient roots. The megalithic temples of Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra, dating back over 5,000 years, are older than the Pyramids of Giza and Stonehenge.

Malta’s dramatic coastline, with crystal-clear waters and hidden caves, attracts divers and adventurers, while festivals like the Mnarja showcase its unique mix of traditional music, food, and religion.

Luxembourg, one of Europe’s smallest countries at 2,586 square kilometers, is a blend of ancient history and modern charm. Founded in 963 AD, it began as a fortified medieval town and grew into a key player in European culture and politics. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is famed for its historic fortifications and old quarters, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today, Luxembourg is one of the most socially progressive countries in the world.

The Bock Casemates, an intricate network of tunnels carved into sandstone cliffs, showcase the city’s military past, while the Grand Ducal Palace exemplifies Renaissance architecture and remains the official residence of the Grand Duke. Outside the capital, Vianden Castle, a stunning medieval fortress, overlooks the scenic countryside and the quaint town below. The Notre-Dame Cathedral, with its Gothic Revival architecture and vibrant stained glass, reflects the nation’s religious heritage.

Luxembourg also offers natural beauty, with rolling hills, forests, and picturesque villages providing a peaceful escape.

8. Comoros

Comoros, a small archipelago in the Indian Ocean, lies between Madagascar and the African mainland, covering just 2,235 square kilometers. Known as the “Perfume Islands” for its production of ylang-ylang and cloves, Comoros is a melting pot of African, Arab, and French influences, reflecting its history as a key stop along ancient trade routes.

The islands are a treasure trove of natural beauty and cultural heritage. The volcanic Mount Karthala, one of the world’s largest active volcanoes, dominates the main island, Grande Comore, offering adventurous hiking opportunities. The capital, Moroni, charms visitors with its winding medina streets, traditional Swahili architecture, and the iconic Old Friday Mosque overlooking the sea.

Despite being one of the least-visited countries in the world, Comoros captivates with its pristine beaches, turquoise waters, and vibrant coral reefs, perfect for snorkeling and diving.

The smallest country in the world, at just 0.49 square kilometers, is an independent city-state nestled within Rome, Italy. As the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church, it holds immense religious and historical significance. Established in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty, it is home to the Pope and serves as the seat of the Holy See.

Visitors flock to Vatican City to marvel at its unparalleled treasures. St. Peter’s Basilica, with its awe-inspiring dome designed by Michelangelo, is one of the most iconic landmarks in the world. The Sistine Chapel, adorned with Michelangelo’s ceiling masterpiece, leaves viewers in awe of its artistic grandeur. The Vatican Museums house an extraordinary collection of art and artifacts spanning centuries of history and culture.

10. Timor-Leste (East Timor)

Timor-Leste, or East Timor, is a small nation in Southeast Asia, covering 15,007 square kilometers. Situated on the eastern half of the island of Timor, it gained independence in 2002, making it one of the youngest countries in the world. Despite its turbulent history of colonial rule by Portugal and a prolonged struggle for independence from Indonesia, Timor-Leste has emerged as a nation with a rich cultural identity and breathtaking landscapes.

Its capital, Dili, is a blend of historic sites and modern growth, with landmarks like the Cristo Rei statue offering panoramic views of the coastline. The country’s Portuguese colonial past is evident in its architecture and language, while its indigenous traditions remain vibrant. The island is renowned for its stunning beaches, rugged mountains, and untouched coral reefs, making it a paradise for divers and nature enthusiasts.