Shaped by its strategic location and natural resources, Northumberland has witnessed a turbulent and fascinating history. From its famous Roman defenses to evidence of the Viking invasions, there is much to learn from this often-overlooked county.
Northumberland offers a wealth of historic sites, incredible natural beauty, and more castles per square mile than anywhere else in England. Read on to discover the best ways to explore the historical trials and triumphs of Britain’s hidden gem.
1. Northumberland in the Roman Era
While Northumberland contains evidence of human habitation dating back to the Stone Age, it is the Roman occupation that has become synonymous with the county’s heritage.
The Roman presence in Northumberland lasted for several centuries. During this time the Romans significantly impacted the development of the area, building roads and settlements and facilitating trade throughout the province. Elements of Roman architecture, art, and language can still be seen in much of Northumberland’s heritage today.
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Hadrian’s Wall
Built under the order of Emperor Hadrian, Hadrian’s Wall is perhaps the Romans’ most prominent legacy in the area. Built between 122 and 128 CE, the wall marks the northernmost boundary of the Roman Empire and was designed to protect Roman Britannia from the tribes of what is now Scotland.
Although much of it was abandoned or dismantled, remnants of the structure still remain today and Hadrian’s Wall is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While the whole wall is accessible, it runs 73 miles long — so it may not be practical to attempt to walk it in its entirety! The most popular sections include the Housestead Roman Fort and the Vindolanda Fort.
The Sill
Before setting off, it’s well worth stopping by the Sill where you’ll be able to get some help with planning a route and some additional information about the history of the wall. The award-winning visitor center offers interactive displays and multimedia exhibits that give an insight into Roman occupation and chart the ecology, geology, and human history of Northumberland.
The Roman Army Museum
The Roman Army Museum houses a remarkable collection of artifacts and archaeological finds recovered from nearby Roman forts and settlements. Additionally, one of the highlights of the museum is its immersive features which offer visitors the chance to experience the sights, sounds, and even smells of life on the frontier.
2. The Viking Invasions
During the 8th to the 11th century, due to its wealth and coastal position, Northumberland was a frequent victim of Viking raids and invasions. Raids mainly targeted the wealthy—yet largely undefended—monasteries and estates. Raids began with swift and brutal attacks with the Vikings looting treasures, destroying buildings, and capturing slaves. These episodic attacks soon became more frequent and eventually led to a settlement process across Northumberland, known as the Danelaw.
Lindisfarne
Perhaps the most significant reminder of the Viking attacks in Northumberland is the ancient fortress of Lindisfarne or Holy Island as it is locally known.
Lindisfarne was the first monastery to be targeted by the Vikings, sending shockwaves across the entire country and the Christian community. It was this raid that is often regarded as the very start of the Viking raids in Britain, making the island a truly fascinating place to visit.
The island is located in Berwick-upon-Tweed and in addition to its historical significance, Lindisfarne is also renowned for its stunning natural beauty. The ruins of the priory still remain, and visitors can also explore the iconic castle, perched on the rocky outcrop which offers beautiful views over the sea.
When visiting Lindisfarne, it is important to be aware of the tide times — many a visitor has become stranded on the causeway when trying to cross at the wrong time of day!
Hexham Abbey
Hexham is a great little market town full of independent boutiques, quaint little cafes, and cozy pubs. However, those looking to soak up a little more history will want to head straight to the abbey which lies at the heart of the town.
The abbey dates back to the 7th century and like Lindisfarne was famously ransacked by the Vikings along with the entire town. Visitors can learn about these raids, and their impact on the town, in the fantastic exhibitions in the abbey’s visitor center.
3. Conquests and Castles
The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought with it substantial change to Northumberland. Norman nobles were handed large estates and the threat of Scottish invasions led to the county’s vast network of castles being established.
The castles span centuries of history and range from the remains of fortresses and follies to some well-maintained stately residences.
Alnwick Castle
Often dubbed the Windsor of the North, Alnwick Castle exudes both grandeur and medieval charm. The castle was originally built in the 11th century but has undergone many renovations, meaning it remains far more intact than many of the county’s castles and fortresses.
Visitors can explore the impressive state rooms, and the adjacent Alnwick Gardens are well worth exploring as well, particularly during the spring and summer months.
Finally, there is also a lot of Harry Potter memorabilia available and events such as broomstick training are on offer here, as the castle was famously featured in the Harry Potter films!
Bamburgh Castle
The imposing silhouette of Bamburgh, overlooking the North Sea, has become a symbol of Northumberland’s medieval history.
The fortress has stood sentinel on the coastline since the 12th century and has witnessed countless chapters of the county’s history. Beginning life as a stronghold of the ancient Kings of Northumbria, the castle then went on to play a significant role in defending against both Viking and Scottish Invasions. If you want a potted history of Britain, look no further than Bamburgh!
Dunstanburgh Castle
Dunstanburgh offers a far more rugged experience than the aforementioned castles. However, what the castle lacks in structure it makes up for in drama!
The castle played a prominent role during the Wars of the Roses before falling into ruin. Situated on a windswept headland overlooking the sea, the ruins are certainly evocative, allowing visitors to imagine life back then while surveying the rugged coastline and waiting for impending invasions.
The castle can be reached by following the coastal path which begins in the charming fishing village of Craster and winds its way along the rocky headland. Be sure to stop in at the smokehouse for some famous Craster kippers!
4. Northumberland and the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution brought about profound changes to Northumberland’s economy. The introduction of the railways opened up new opportunities and the discovery of rich coal seams in the region facilitated the huge growth of trade and commerce.
Already wealthy, the landed gentry prospered further, and the 18th and 19th centuries saw the construction of grand country estates, stately homes, and impressive landscaped gardens that can still be visited today.
Cragside
Cragside is a truly enchanting place to visit. Surrounded by incredible gardens and woodland, featuring an array of exotic plants and flowers. The grounds alone warrant a visit.
It is, however, the work of the Victorian industrialist Sir William Armstrong that makes Cragside truly unique and fascinating. Pioneered by Armstrong, Cragside became the first house to be powered by hydroelectricity. The revolutionary system powered lights throughout the property and his success paved the way for the adoption of electricity in homes and buildings around the world.
Today the property is owned by the National Trust and visitors can learn about Armstrong’s groundbreaking endeavours and take a tour around the well-maintained house and gardens.
Wallington Hall
Wallington Hall is situated just outside the delightful market town of Morpeth. Each room in the impressive stately home is a treasure trove of artifacts and curiosities belonging to the Trevelyan family who owned the estate for over 300 years.
The hidden walled garden is particularly impressive, and guests can take a stroll along one of the many trails and river walks around the grounds.
The history of Northumberland has been impressively encapsulated in huge pre-Raphaelite paintings that hang in the imposing central hall which attracts art lovers from across the county. The doll’s house room is a particular favorite of all generations.
Seaton Delaval Hall
Seaton Delaval Hall was designed by the famous architect Sir John Vanbrugh in the early 18th century for Admiral George Delaval and is considered one of the finest examples of English Baroque architecture.
The Delaval family played a huge role in both the industrial and social infrastructure of Northumberland, making (and losing!) their fortune through both the mining and glass industries.
They were a fascinating family, known for their eccentricities and scandals including eventual bankruptcy, all adding to the allure of the Hall.
Today visitors can learn about the incredible fate of the Delavals and explore the newly restored rooms and grounds of the truly intriguing hall.
Whether you are tracing the footsteps of Roman soldiers along Hadrian’s Wall, absorbing the grandeur of one of the county’s many stately homes, or exploring the ruins of a medieval fortress, it doesn’t get much better than Northumberland for those looking to explore 16 centuries of Britain’s history.
Throw in a beautifully rugged coastline, a plethora of delightful villages and market towns, and some of the most beautiful countryside in the UK, and it is more than likely this hidden gem of a county won’t stay hidden for long!
