A centaur is a mythical creature derived from Greek mythology, which is half-man, half-horse. Centaurs inhabited the wild forests and mountains of Thessaly, beyond the land of humankind. They also appeared frequently in Greek pottery, relief carvings, and sculpture, often twisting and contorted into violent battle scenes. Through the centuries, centaurs have remained a symbol of chaos and have often appeared in fantasy stories and films. Let’s take a brief look at their history and evolution.
Quick Facts About Centaurs
| Anatomy | Body of a horse and the torso, head, and arms of a man |
| Origin | Descendants of Centaurus, born from Ixion, king of the Lapiths, and Nephele, a cloud OR son of Apollo and the nymph Stilbe |
| Location | Forest of Mount Pelion, Thessaly, Greece |
| Symbolism | Chaos and barbarism |
| Notable Centaurs | Chiron and Pholus |
| Centaurs in Popular Fiction | Benevolent characters, protectors of human beings (ex The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter series, Percy Jackson) |
The Centaur: Half Man, Half Horse
The ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to write about the concept of a half-man, half-horse being. However, the idea may be much older. Indeed, some believe the concept of a half-man, half-horse came about when non-riding societies saw people riding horseback for the first time, and mistook them for strange, hybrid beasts. This was the reaction of the Aztecs to their first sighting of the Conquistadors riding horses.
In stories and art, centaurs did not always appear the same, taking on various human-horse hybrids over the centuries. Some have included wings and horns, while others even had six legs, with a full man attached to the front of the horse.
However, the most widely popularized version of the centaur, as described in Greek culture, is the four-legged beast with the upper body, arms, and head of a man. Keeping up with tradition, this stylized look continued throughout Greco-Roman society.
The Centaur Was a Symbol of Barbarism and Chaos
As with many mythological characters, centaurs came to symbolize certain characteristics of humankind. They had a particular weakness for wine, which, when consumed, would turn them into reckless barbarians capable of wanton destruction. As such, they represented man’s wrestle between animalistic drive and the need to behave as part of civilized society.
However, they were not evil, but merely uncontrollable forces that struggled to fit in with the rigors and rules of human life. This meant centaurs generally avoided contact with humans, aside from the exceptional few.
Centaurs Appeared Frequently in Greek Mythology
Centaurs appear throughout Greek mythology, often in tales filled with chaos and instability. Their story of origin is usually traced back to an unwitting affair between Ixion, king of the Lapiths, a Thessalian tribe, and Nephele. Nephele (“cloud”) was actually a cloud created by Zeus. Suspecting that Ixion desired his wife, Zeus formed a cloud resembling Hera and witnessed Ixion mating with Nephele. This union led to the birth of a beastlike creature called Centaurus, a wanton, brutish character with poor social skills.
After leaving human society for the mountains of Thessaly, Centaurus procreated with mares in the wilderness, thus leading to the creation of centaurs. Interestingly, the Thessalians, allegedly the first Greeks to ride on horseback, are often credited with the invention of these mythological creatures.
In another version of the story, Centaurus was one of the sons of the Greek god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe. While his brother, Lapithes, was the founder of the legendary Lapiths, Centaurus went on to form his own beastly dynasty.
It is then significant that one of the best-known stories featuring centaurs is the Centauromachy, a violent conflict between the centaurs and the Lapiths that broke out at the wedding of the king of the Lapiths and Hippodameia. After an arduous fight, sparked by a drunken centaur’s attempt to steal the bride, the centaurs eventually lost, leading them to be driven away from their home in Mount Pelion.
Some Centaurs Were Better Known than Others
Various centaurs stood out in Greek mythology as characters of note, whose behavior was different from most of their kind. Chiron, the best-known, was remarkably kind and educated. He taught and trained several men who would become great Greek heroes, including Jason, Asclepius, and Hercules. According to some stories, Hercules later accidentally wounded Chiron with a poisonous arrow. In terrible pain, Chiron gave up his immortality in exchange for Prometheus’ freedom.
Pholus was another remarkable, wise centaur who took care of Hercules. Ironically, Hercules was later killed by another centaur, Nessus, who gave his tunic, soaked in his poisoned blood, to Deianira, Hercules’ wife, telling her it would revive his husband’s love for her if he wore it.
Both Chiron and Pholus stood out from the other centaurs because they were not descended from the same common ancestor as the other centaurs, having been born instead from divine unions.
Centaurs Remain Popular Today in Fantasy Fiction
Throughout the centuries, centaurs have remained a recurring character trope within fantastical stories and artworks. Examples include Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors (1524), C.S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia (1950-1956). They have also appeared more recently in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series (from 1997 to 2007) and Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson series (from 2005 to 2009).
Centaurs in popular fiction and film are generally benevolent characters who protect human beings, deviating from the ancient Greek tradition.
